Expectation of parental control and the maintenance of bottle-feeding in childhood

Abstract Objective: To investigate association between parental locus of control (belief of individuals about what or who has control of the events of their lives) and bottle feeding habits among children from 3 to 5 years of age. Methodology: Parental locus of control validated in Brazil, and semi-structured questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic, health, and oral habit behaviors was applied to mothers of 992 preschool children. Outcome variable "use of feeding bottle" was studied according to the time of its use (≤36 months and >36 months). Simple logistic regression models were adjusted and raw odds ratios were estimated for variables of distal blocks, which contemplated parental locus of control, socioeconomic characteristics of family, and maternal habits. In the intermediate block, the variables for conditions of the child's birth and place of health care attendance during the prenatal period and early childhood were included. In the proximal block, the time of breastfeeding and pacifier use were reported. Variables were analyzed from the distal to the proximal block, and the individual analyses that presented p ≤ 0.20 remained in each model; included in the subsequent block were the variables with p ≤ 0.10, because this was a study of prevention. Results: Longer time of feeding bottle use was associated with the internal parental locus of control, mothers older than 31 years of age, white race, premature children, who used pacifiers and are treated in the private health system. Conclusions: Children who maintained the habit of feeding bottle use for a longer time were those whose mother presented an internal locus of control.

Expectation of parental control and the maintenance of bottle-feeding in childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate association between parental locus of control (belief of individuals about what or who has control of the events of their lives) and bottle feeding habits among children from 3 to 5 years of age. METHODOLOGY: Parental locus of control validated in Brazil, and semi-structured questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic, health, and oral habit behaviors was applied to mothers of 992 preschool children. Outcome variable "use of feeding bottle" was studied according to the time of its use (≤36 months and >36 months). Simple logistic regression models were adjusted and raw odds ratios were estimated for variables of distal blocks, which contemplated parental locus of control, socioeconomic characteristics of family, and maternal habits. In the intermediate block, the variables for conditions of the child's birth and place of health care attendance during the prenatal period and early childhood were included. In the proximal block, the time of breastfeeding and pacifier use were reported. Variables were analyzed from the distal to the proximal block, and the individual analyses that presented p≤0.20 remained in each model; included in the subsequent block were the variables with p≤0.10, because this was a study of prevention. RESULTS: Longer time of feeding bottle use was associated with the internal parental locus of control, mothers older than 31 years of age, white race, premature children, who used pacifiers and are treated in the private health system. CONCLUSIONS: Children who maintained the habit of feeding bottle use for a longer time were those whose mother presented an internal locus of control.

Fatores que impedem o aleitamento materno estendido em Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Guarulhos / Factors that prevent prolonged breastfeeding in Basic Health Units in Guarulhos

A amamentação prolongada promove diversos benefícios à saúde da criança, bem como para mãe, família e sociedade. Diante disso e da escassez de estudos sobre os aspectos envolvidos na prática do aleitamento materno após o sexto de mês de vida, o presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer os fatores que dificultam a manutenção do aleitamento materno estendido (a partir do sexto mês até dois anos ou mais). Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em quatro unidades básicas de saúde, sorteadas, localizadas no município de Guarulhos. A amostra foi composta por mães usuárias e funcionárias das unidades básicas de saúde em questão com filhos de seis a vinte e quatro meses de idade. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados dois questionários informativos com as variáveis do estudo. As análises de regressão simples e múltipla foram usadas para investigar a associações entre as variáveis. A utilização de mamadeira e de chupeta foram fatores importantes para a interrupção do aleitamento materno estendido. No entanto, na análise ajustada, tem-se que a idade materna predispõe a interrupção da amamentação estendida. De acordo com o modelo múltiplo de regressão logística, a utilização de chupeta aumenta em quase 20 vezes a chance de não manutenção do aleitamento materno estendido e crianças que utilizam mamadeira têm esta chance aumentada em seis vezes. Conclui-se que o avançar da idade da criança, a mamadeira e a chupeta foram determinantes para a não manutenção do aleitamento materno estendido. O retorno ao trabalho e o armazenamento do leite materno foram apontados como as principais dificuldades para manutenção da amamentação.

Prolonged breastfeeding promotes several health benefits for the child, as well as for the mother, family, and society. Given this and the scarcity of studies on the aspects involved in the practice of breastfeeding after the sixth month of life, the present study aimed to discover the factors that make it difficult to maintain breastfeeding (from six monthx to two years or more). This was a cross-sectional study, carried out in four randomly selected basic health units located in the city of Guarulhos. The sample consisted of mothers and employees of the basic health units in question, with children aged between six and twenty-four months old. For data collection, two informative questionnaires with the study variables were used. Simple and multiple regression analyses were used to investigate associations between variables. The use of a bottle and a pacifier were important factors for the interruption of prolonged breastfeeding. However, in the adjusted analysis, maternal age predisposes them to interrupt of prolonged breastfeeding. According to the multiple logistic regression model, the use of a pacifier increases the chance of not maintaining prolonged breastfeeding by almost 20-fold, and children who use a bottle have this chance increased by six-fold. It is concluded that the child aging, bottle use, and pacifier use were decisive factors for not maintaining prolonged breastfeeding. Returning to work and storing breast milk were identified as the main difficulties in maintaining breastfeeding.

Infecciones de vía aérea superior relacionada con el uso del biberón en la alimentación del lactante menor / Infecções das vias aéreas superiores relacionados com o uso da garrafa de alimentação do lactente / Upper airway infections related to the use of the feeding bottle in feeding the young infant

ResumenIntroducción. La lactancia materna ofrece un efecto protector contra las infecciones respiratorias, principalmente de la vía aérea superior; por tanto, es necesario determinar si su sustitución por biberón afecta la incidencia de infecciones respiratorias del tracto superior.Método. Utilizando la metodología de práctica clínica basada en evidencia (PCBE), y según las etapas fundamentales del sistema PICO, se planteó la interrogante: en el lactante menor ¿el uso del biberón para la alimentación comparado con el amamantamiento exclusivo aumenta el riesgo de infecciones en las vías aéreas superiores? Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en la base de datos en línea PubMed, después de establecer los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y realizar un análisis crítico se seleccionó 5 documentos que dieran respuesta a la pregunta planteada.Resultado. A partir de la búsqueda en la base de datos Pub Med, se obtuvo 969 artículos publicados; tras depurar los resultados iniciales, se logró un total de 25 publicaciones vinculadas a estudios clínicos que abordan la relación entre lactancia materna exclusiva y la incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de vía aérea superior en el lactante menor. Finalmente, se consiguió cinco publicaciones que investigaron el uso del biberón y su posible asociación con infecciones respiratorias. La evaluación de estos estudios evidenció que su calidad es de nivel medio. Las publicaciones concluyen que hay una mayor incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de vía aérea superior en infantes lactantes menores, en los que la lactancia materna no es exclusiva, sino mixta o sustituida por el uso de biberón.Conclusión. Esta revisión breve de literatura muestra que existe evidencia de mediana calidad que apoya la asociación entre el uso de biberón en la alimentación y una mayor incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de vía aérea superior en el lactante menor.

AbstractIntroduction. Breastfeeding provides a protective effect against respiratory infections, mainly of the upper airway; therefore, it is necessary to determine whether replacing the bottle affect incidence of respiratory infections upper tract.Method.Using the methodology of evidence based clinical practice, and according to the acronym PICO, the question was raised:¿ in the lower infant does the use of bottle feeding compared to exclusive breastfeeding increases the risk of infections the upper airways? a search was conducted of articles in the database PubMed, after establishing the criteria for inclusion and exclusion and critically analyze five documents that give answer to the question posed was selected.Result. From searching the database Pub Med, 969 articles published was obtained; after debugging the initial results, a total of 25 publications related to clinical studies addressing the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of respiratory infections upper airway in the lower infant was achieved. Finally, five publications that investigated the use of the feeding bottle and its possible association with respiratory infections was achieved. The evaluation of these studies showed that its quality is average. Publications conclude that there is a higher incidence of respiratory infections of upper airway in infants younger infants, in which breastfeeding is not exclusive, but mixed or replaced by the use of a feeding bottle.Conclusion. This brief review of literature shows that there is evidence of medium quality that supports the association between feeding bottle use and an increased incidence of upper respiratory infections in the lower infant.

ResumoIntrodução.O aleitamento materno proporciona um efeito protector contra infecções respiratórias, principalmente das vias aéreas superiores; Portanto, é necessário determinar se garrafa Substituir a incidência de infecções respiratórias afetam trato superior.Método.Utilizando a metodologia da prática clínica baseada em evidências (PCBE), e de acordo com os estágios fundamentais do sistema PICO, foi levantada a questão: na criança menor é que o uso de mamadeira em relação ao aleitamento materno exclusivo aumenta o risco de infecções as vias aéreas superiores? foi realizada uma pesquisa de artigos no PubMed banco de dados on-line, depois de estabelecer os critérios de inclusão e exclusão e analisar criticamente cinco documentos dar resposta à questão colocada foi selecionado.Resultado. De pesquisar na base de dados Pub Med, 969 artigos publicados foi obtido; após a depuração os resultados iniciais, um total de 25 publicações relacionadas com estudos clínicos sobre a relação entre a amamentação exclusiva ea incidência de infecções respiratórias das vias aéreas superiores na criança menor foi alcançado. Finalmente, cinco publicações que investigaram a utilização da garrafa e a sua possível associação com infecções respiratórias foi conseguida. A avaliação destes estudos mostraram que a sua qualidade é média. Publicações concluir que há uma maior incidência de infecções respiratórias de vias aéreas superiores de lactentes crianças mais jovens, em que a amamentação não é exclusiva, mas mista ou substituído pelo uso de uma garrafa. Conclusão. Esta breve revisão da literatura mostra que há evidências de que de qualidade média que suporta a associação entre o uso de garrafa em alimentos e uma incidência aumentada de infecções respiratórias de vias aéreas superiores na criança menor.

Quantitative Real-Time Assessment for Feeding Skill of Preterm Infants.

Nutritive sucking is the approach of obtaining primary food for newborns within six months. However, completing the precise coordination of sucking-swallowing-respiratory actions under oral feeding is usually difficult for preterm infants and may affect the body and neural development of the premature infant. For this reason, how to obtain the quantitatively physiological information related to oral feeding is useful for physicians making more accurate clinical diagnoses for oral feeding disorders. However, there is still lack of monitoring systems for evaluating the feeding skill of infants quantitatively and objectively. The assessment of the feeding skill or the diagnosis of oral-feeding disorders still depends on the clinical experience of medical staffs. In this study, a novel wireless monitoring system is proposed to evaluate the feeding behavior of infants quantitatively and objectively and analyze the characteristics of these actions under oral feeding. Here, a specific feeding bottle and an optical probe are also designed and successfully applied to non-invasively monitor the sucking and respiratory actions, and a microphone is also applied to monitor the swallowing action. From the experimental results, the sucking and swallowing rate increases and the respiratory rate decreases with the increase of the infant age. Moreover, the duration increases and the interval of sucking-action sequence decreases with the increase of the infant age respectively. The proposed system successfully assesses the feeding behavior of preterm infants and may provide an objective evaluation tool for oral feeding ability and identifying the risk of infant developmental delay in the future.

A history of infant feeding.

The historical evolution of infant feeding includes wet nursing, the feeding bottle, and formula use. Before the invention of bottles and formula, wet nursing was the safest and most common alternative to the natural mother's breastmilk. Society's negative view of wet nursing, combined with improvements of the feeding bottle, the availability of animal's milk, and advances in formula development, gradually led to the substitution of artificial feeding for wet nursing. In addition, the advertising and safety of formula products increased their popularity and use among society. Currently, infant formula-feeding is widely practiced in the United States and appears to contribute to the development of several common childhood illnesses, including atopy, diabetes mellitus, and childhood obesity.